Impacts of Income Inequality and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions: Comparing the Gini Coefficient and the Top Income Share in OECD Countries

This study investigates the nexus of income inequality, economic growth, and CO2 emissions based on environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for 38 OECD countries during 1990–2015. The indices inequality include Gini coefficient top share. main objective this is to re-examine effects growth Environmental Curve hypothesis. panel analysis examined using country fixed Granger causality including pre-tests unit root, cointegration, stationarity. findings are as follows. First, have an inverted U-shaped relationship, emission also relationship. Second, share represented by index well-defined tools analyzing relationship between degradation. Third, increase in trade dependency renewable energy consumption has contributed decrease emissions, but use led emissions. Finally, bi-directionally causes inequality. Therefore, suggests that resolving crucial another important policy affects